Act of Humanity

With politicians and policy makers struggling with the legalities and logistics of the controversial refugee agreement negotiated between the European Union and Turkey, set to take effect on April 4th, the United Nations, along with the expected press releases, launched a social media campaign supporting refugees’ rights to be treated humanely.

The "...initiative, #actofhumanity, emphasising that children are children, no matter where they come from, and that every child has rights and deserves a fair chance[i]."  Appealing to the masses, the campaign sends a powerful message to both individuals and leaders around the world. 

The campaign includes a series of short videos, called the “unfairy tales”, and evocative graphics as to the inherent unfairness confronting refugees.  Some graphics highlight the abysmal numbers of children involved, while others put the spotlight on individuals who have treat refugees a manner constituting an act of humanity.

The @UNICEF tweet pinned, which is the tweet at the top of its Twitter account, was retweeted 729 times in under five days:

• All children deserve an #actofhumanity. Battle stigma facing refugees and migrants: uni.cf/actofhumanity pic.twitter.com/uXDz73XuY1.

The @UNICEF Twitter banner graphic was replaced with one reflecting the #ActofHumanity campaign and is also the banner graphic for this article.

Other tweets sent by various arms of the United Nations and its partners have been retweeted hundreds of times.  A representative sample includes the following tweets:

• All children deserve an #actofhumanity. Battle stigma facing refugees and migrants: uni.cf/actofhumanity, UNICEF (@UNICEF), 3/29/16, 3:05 AM.
• UN Refugee Agency (@Refugees), 3/29/16, 6:16 PM, We call on governments to be part of finding solutions for Syrian refugees trib.al/UuARdvm pic.twitter.com/sV8PpsOYYy.
• UN Geneva (@UNGeneva), 3/30/16, 10:32 AM, Ban Ki-moon's statement to the @Refugees Global Responsibility Sharing Conference - ow.ly/104v6t pic.twitter.com/e9I65mpSKS.
• UN News Centre (@UN_News_Centre), 3/30/16, 4:02 PM, More 'equitable' responsibility-sharing needed to relieve plight of Syrian refugees - @UN bit.ly/1M03kqf pic.twitter.com/VId0ggm6rJ.
• UN Refugee Agency (@Refugees), 3/30/16, 5:13 PM, A clear message from @RefugeesChief at today's conference on solutions for Syrian refugees trib.al/URIITHJ pic.twitter.com/gL8sVa5aAw.
• Voices of Youth (@voicesofyouth), 3/30/16, 6:17 PM, We have the power to change things. Fight stigma about refugees with an #actofhumanity: uni.cf/actofhumanity pic.twitter.com/iAfysaispE.
• CtrChildImmigrants (@KidsImmigration), 3/30/16, 7:05 PM, Great thoughts from @UNICEF on the refugee and migrant crisis: bit.ly/1SmOeaS#actofhumanity #InvestInKids pic.twitter.com/rnE2Tta0VW.
• United Nations (@UN), 3/30/16, 9:05 PM, Attempts to demonize refugees are not only offensive; they are factually incorrect. j.mp/1VTnWCC pic.twitter.com/iIhhE2QSRS.
• World Food Programme (@WFP), 3/31/16, 10:35 AM, The world is facing the biggest refugee and migrant crisis since WW2. Children need an #actofhumanity via @UNICEF pic.twitter.com/dPUnP7YYwZ.
• UN Spokesperson (@UN_Spokesperson), 3/31/16, 7:05 PM, Ask your leader to commit to #ShareHumanity at May's @WHSummit. This is how: impossiblechoices.org pic.twitter.com/kWc81qb3RM.

The “Unfairy Tales” can be downloaded here athttp://weshare.unicef.org/Package/2AMZIF3BZ9S.

UNICEF’s Act of Humanity media campaign, when read in conjunction with formal press releases, implies that the agreement between the European Union and Turkey may constitute a crime against humanity in violation of the Geneva Conventions, the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, and the International Declaration of Human Rights.

“UNHCR is not a party to the EU-Turkey deal, nor will we be involved in returns or detention,” stated a UNHCR press release[ii].

Under the agreement, for every Syrian refugee Greece accepts into the European Union, one refugee would be returned to Turkey[iii].  Under international law, Turkey has not been designated a “safe third country” or a "safe first country of asylum" based on its failure to adhere to Rule of Law, including the commission of well-known human rights violations involving repression of the press, and the persecution of Kurds in Turkey and the bombing of Kurds in Syria. 

The agreement requires legislation to be enacted by both Greece and Turkey.  There is concern that Turkey will not timely enact appropriate legislation or that any legislation passed would exclude non-Syrian refugees. The bill introduced in Greece failed to name Turkey as a “safe third country”.  Cognizant of negative criminal ramifications, Greece previously sought concurrence from its European Union partners at an EU-Turkey summit several weeks ago by requesting the EU collectively declare Turkey a "safe third country".  Several EU member states refused.  

"I am deeply concerned about any arrangement that would involve the blanket return of anyone from one country to another without spelling out the refugee protection safeguards under international law," U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi told the European Parliament[iv].

There is also concern that about a lack of safeguards preventing Turkey from engaging in refoulement, or forced return[v].  According to a report released today by Amnesty International, Turkey has been illegally forcing 100 Syrian refugees every day to return to Syria, with the total numbering in the thousands sparking concern as to Turkey’s intentions under the agreement with Greece and the EU[vi].

In addition, the UNHCR stated that Greece lacks sufficient capacity on the islands for assessing asylum claims, and a lack of decent and safe accommodations for asylum seekers pending examination of their cases[vii].  “People determined to be needing international protection should be able to enjoy asylum, without discrimination, in accordance with accepted international standards, including effective access to work, health care, education for children, and, as necessary, social assistance[viii].”

For that reason, the UNHCR has stated that the agreement is one of detention impacting children who constitute one third of those seeking refuge, the UNHCR has withdrawn its logo and aid workers from Greece[ix].

Going forward, UNHCR will focus on protection monitoring to ensure that refugee and human rights standards are upheld, and provide information on the rights and procedures to seek asylum.  NGOs are following suit.

United Nations agencies, including the UNHCR, and humanitarian aid organizations have criticized the deal as violating EU law and international law.  Condemnation issued from Doctors Without Borders, who characterized the agreement as “cynical and inhumane”, and from Amnesty International[x].

Perhaps foretelling the future, six months ago, on October 31, 2015, with countries closing off borders to the 60 million people having been displaced as a result of armed conflict, a joint statement issued by Union Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and International Committee of the Red Cross President Peter Mauer called on states to:

■   rein in armed groups and hold them accountable for abuses, and stop the use of heavy weapons in populated areas;

■   protect and assist displaced people fleeing insecurity, and help to find long-term solutions;

■   ensure unhindered access to medical and humanitarian missions;

■   condemn those who violate international humanitarian law; and

■   redouble efforts to find sustainable solutions to conflicts[xi] (Emphasis Added).

Condemnation is commonly defined as censure, to pronounce guilty, punishment and sentencing.  Their statement contained a less than veiled hint that crimes against humanity were already being committed in violation of international human rights law.

Call to Action

While you may not be a policy maker, chances are you live in a country where you have the right to vote for your leaders.  By participating in UNICEF’s “act of humanity” campaign, you are choosing to send a powerful message, not only to your leaders, but also to those countries your own country has partnerships and alliances.  Ourleaders do follow social media.

About the Author

Cynthia M. Lardner is a journalist, holding degrees in journalism, law, and psychology. As a thought leader in the area of foreign policy, her philosophy is to collectively influence conscious global thinking understanding that everything and everyone is subject to change given the right circumstances; Standard Theory or Theory of Everything.  Having relocated to Den Hague or The Hague, she is currently looking for a challenging position in foreign policy, journalism, or social justice.

Endnotes

[i] "UNICEF launches “Unfairy Tales” of refugee and migrant children", March 29, 2016, UNICEF, UN Doc, as found on the www atwww.unicef.org/media/media_90760.html.

[ii] "UN refugee agency redefines role in Greece as EU-Turkey deal comes into effect", March 22, 2016, UN News Center, as found on the www athttp://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53515#.Vv4dMmddanM.

[iii] "Greece, Turkey take legal short-cuts in race to return migrants", March 31, 2016, Reuters News, as found on the www athttp://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0WX23Q.

[iv] Baczynska, Gabriela, and Nebehay, Stephanie, "U.N., rights groups say EU-Turkey migrant deal may be illegal", March 9, 2016, Reuters News, as found on the www at http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0WA1D4.

[v] "'Refugees need protection, not rejection,' UN says in wake of EU-Turkey deal", March 18, 2016, UN News Center, as found on the www athttp://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53490#.Vv4fTKddanM.

[vi] “Turkey 'illegally returning Syrian refugees' – Amnesty”, April 1, 2016, BBC News, as found on the www at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35941947.

[vii] "UN refugee agency redefines role in Greece as EU-Turkey deal comes into effect", Infra Endnote ii.

[viii] "'Refugees need protection, not rejection,' UN says in wake of EU-Turkey deal", Infra Endnote v.

[ix] Id.

[x] Baczynska, Gabriela, and Nebehay, Stephanie, Infra Endnote iv. 

[xi] "UN and Red Cross scold world leaders over 'conflict paralysis'", October 31, 2015, BBC News, as found on the www at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34690546.   See also Lardner, Cynthia, “Closing Borders:  A Crime Against Humanity”, November 2, 2015, as found on the www at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/closing-borders-crime-against-humanity-cynthia-lardner;  http://cml.gamesofthrones.us/2015/11/closed-borders-crime-against-humanity.html; https://cynthiamlardner.wordpress.com/2015/11/05/closing-borders-a-crime-against-humanity/;  http://cmlardner.blogspot.com/2015/11/closing-borders-crime-against-humanity.html. 

The Endemic Tragedy of Child Marriages

Introduction

She’s eight years old. Yesterday, she was a girl, outside laughing as she played jump rope with her girlfriends.  Today is her wedding day.  By nightfall, she will be a woman. The laughter has given sway to tears.  Her parents, who agreed to the marriage, have little to offer by way of consolation.  She feels all alone.  She’s scared and has no safe person she can turn to for comfort.  Imagine how she feels the morning after.

This is not a unique situation. An estimated 15 million girls under age 18 are married each and every year[i].  This translates to a child marriage every two seconds.   Of that number, one in seven is under 15; with a noteworthy number of child brides being a mere eight or nine years old.

This is an endemic human rights issue.  Only through support of educational programmes and of those institutions seeking to eradicate this tragic condition will there be global change benefiting everyone.

Etiology

The etiology of child marriages is traceable to historical gender inequality, economic hardship and, more often than not, to antiquated religious beliefs[ii]. 

Take for instance the situation in Türkiye, where more than a third of all marriages involve underage girls.  These marriages, despite being illegal, occur without recrimination in Türkiye’s highly patriarchal society.  The marriage ceremonies are performed by an Iman and are never registered with the government[iii].  As such, the number is estimated to be even higher based on statistics derived from the high maternal mortality rates and from marriage being cited as the primary reason for dropping out of the educational process[iv].

In India, in addition to no longer having to financially provide for their daughter, child marriage is incorrectly perceived as protecting their daughters from sexual or other abuse, and premarital sex[v].

The situation extends beyond tradition, with climate change also having an impact in drought-ridden countries such as Ethiopia. “Barren lands and food shortages are causing more poverty-stricken families who can’t afford to feed their children to marry off their daughters to wealthier men[vi].” 

The other source of child marriages emanates from the radicalized terrorists who pillage villages taking young girls as plunder, who are then married within the ‘cell’ or who are sold to others[vii]. 

These factors are stronger than the laws protecting against child marriages[viii], assuming a country is a member state, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child, The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, the Protocol for the African Charter on Human, and the People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in African[ix].  Even if the county is member state, enforcement is a fallacy.

Risk Factors

The risks associated with child marriages, especially for girls under the age of 15, are immense: 

• Child brides or girls who otherwise become pregnant under the age of 15 are five times more likely to die during the birthing process than a woman in the 20-24 year old age bracket[x].
• The infant mortality rate is even more alarming, with babies born to mothers under 20 years old being 50 percent more likely to die within a few weeks after birth as compared to babies born to mothers in their 20s[xi].
• Child brides and their children are more likely to develop HIV and other health related issues[xii].
• According to the World Health Organization, child brides are more likely to be sexual abuse and domestic violence victims[xiii]. This is in sync with UNICEF’s finding that one in three women and girls will experience violence in their lifetime.
• They are unlikely to seek help for domestic violence, as one half of all adolescent girls believe that a husband is justified in striking his wife in anger.
• Marriage almost always signifies the end of their formal education[xiv]. Those girls attempting to continue their education face barriers, including disapproval by their husbands and families, pressure to conceive, and an inability to pay school fees[xv].
• The lack of education perpetuates an endless cycle of poverty. Consider that, if called upon to do so, these girls have no skills upon which they can support themselves or their children.  Given that their husbands average 10 years older, and that women have a longer life expectancy, a child bride can reasonably be expected to be the breadwinner at some point during her lifetime[xvi].

Breaking the Cycle

Manuel Fontaine, UNICEF's Regional Director for West and Central Africa, stated that minimally the “…cycle of poverty that could be broken by focusing on girls' rights and education.”

This involves educating not only the girls but their communities.  Education as to previously unconsidered benefits is necessary both prior to marriage and once a marriage is consummated. Girls receiving seven years of education marry, on the average, four years later, leading to lessened maternal and infant mortality rates.  Extending a girl's schooling by just one year increases her wages by 18-20%.  Education also benefits her family, as child born to a literate mother is 50% more likely to live past the age of five and four times more likely to receive life-saving vaccinations[xvii].

“Ending child marriage will help break the intergenerational cycle of poverty by allowing girls and women to participate more fully in society. Empowered and educated girls are better able to nourish and care for their children, leading to healthier, smaller families. When girls are allowed to be girls, everybody wins (Emphasis Added) [xviii].”

As a result of educational programmes conducted by local and global organizations, such as UNICEF and NGOs[xix], there has been some isolated headway, most notably in Central America[xx].  What gains have been made are dwarfed by predictive statistical analysis.

In Africa alone, despite a 10% drop since 1990, a recent UNICEF study estimated that the total number of child brides will skyrocket from 125 million to 310 million by 2050[xxi].  The problem extends beyond Africa with the highest rates of child marriages taking place, in descending order, in Southeast Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and the East Asia areas[xxii]; statistics that are skewed given China’s failure to report its statistics to UNICEF.

How You Can Help

UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake said: "The sheer number of girls affected - and what this means in terms of lost childhoods and shattered futures - underline the urgency of banning the practice of child marriage once and for all[xxiii].”

Asked how the public can help, Jolijn van Haaren, a UNICEF child rights specialist based in the Netherlands, elaborated:

"UNICEF is working in many countries to increase the understanding that no girl should marry before the age of 18 years old.

We work closely together with national and local authorities to get a clear statement on child marriage in the juridical sense. We also find it helps to inform the community via traditional leaders and schools that child marriage has many health risks for girls, who face a lifetime problems and sometimes death if they give birth too young. Thirdly we support girls in local communities as ambassadors against child marriage.  It is this mixed approach that brings down child marriage slowly but securely.

As child marriages happen rarely in The Netherlands, the general public might not be aware of the tremendous problem. When I first heard that worldwide, 1 in 3 women is being married during childhood, I could not believe it myself. One of the root cause for child marriage is the discrimination against girls- Especially poor girls, lack essential rights as the right to participation, the right to education and the right to protection. So if you ask me what the public in the Netherlands and abroad can do to stop this phenomenon: to support girls rights, to speak out about equal right for boys and girls, in schools, on Social media, and during public debates. By raising the topic the general public can hold their governments accountable for respecting children’s rights, for both boys and girls."

You can help by supporting not only UNICEF, but recognized NGOs, such Girls Not Brides[xxiv], Because I Am a Girl[xxv], and the Alexia Foundation[xxvi].  These and other organizations not only need monetary donations but donations of your time, which can range from something as simple as signing a petition, supporting one girl, or making a more significant commitment of your personal and professional skills and resources.  

About the Author

Cynthia M. Lardner has a  journalism, counseling and a law degree. As a thought leader, her philosophy is to collectively influence conscious global thinking understanding that everything and everyone is subject to change given the right circumstances; Standard Theory or Theory of Everything.

Having just relocated to Den Hague or The Hague, she is currently looking for a challenging position that will fully utilize her collective skill set.  She is particularly interested in foreign policy and social justice.

ENDNOTES

[i] Ma, Alexandra, "Staged Wedding Shoot Highlights Heartbreaking Reality About Child Brides In Lebanon," December 12, 2015, Huffington Post, as found on the www at http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/kafa-video-child-marriage-lebanon_5668a13ae4b0f290e521de48?cps=gravity_2377_1252590106303822614&kvcommref=mostpopular.

[ii] McKenzie, David, "Africa's child brides expected to double by 2050", November 26, 2015, CNN News, as found on the www athttp://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/26/africa/africa-child-brides-unicef/ (In Africa,
“Entrenched religious and cultural practices, and limited economic prospects, push girls into the margins and into harmful early marriages.”).

[iii]  "Child marriages make up one third in Turkey", December 7, 2015, İZMİR – Doğan News Agency,  as found on the www athttp://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=517&nID=92170&NewsCatID=339; Buchanan, Rose T., "More than 180,000 child brides in Turkey, lawyer claims", December 8, 2015, The Independent, as found on the www athttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/almost-200000-child-brides-in-turkey-female-lawyer-claims-a6765181.html.

See also Ma, Alexandra, Infra Endnote i

(“Six percent of Lebanese girls are married by the time they turn 18, and 1 percent by age 15, UNICEF reported last year. Across the world, 15 million girls are married each year before their 18th birthday.

Currently, Lebanon's legal age for marriage without parental consent is 17 for girls and 18 for boys, The Independent reported in July. With parental consent, however, girls as young as 9 can legally get married in the country, according to the World Policy Center, which collected data from resources including legal databases.

Lebanon said last year that it was working on a draft law to regulate child marriages, but that religious authorities could still exempt families from marriage laws. Different religious communities in Lebanon have varying laws on marriage and personal status, according to global rights organization Girls Not Brides.”).

[iv] Id.

[v] Banerji, Ann, "Breaking tradition, child brides fight for freedom", The China Post, as found on the www athttp://m.chinapost.com.tw/asia/2015/10/19/448698/Breaking-tradition.htm(“Although illegal, millions in India are married as children in a deep-rooted tradition in mostly poor and rural areas. Nearly 50 percent of women, aged 20 to 24, say they were married before the legal age of 18, government figures show.”).

[vi] Mormann, Nicole, "Ethiopia’s Worst Drought in Decades Is Leading to More Child Brides", December 11, 2015, Take Part, as found on the www at https://www.takepart.com/article/2015/12/11/ethiopias-worst-drought-decades-leading-more-child-brides.

[vii] “Corporatized Terrorism”, (“ISIS Gone Corporate”), Game of Thrones, January 17, 2014, as found on the www at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/isis-gone-corporate-cynthia-lardner-deverouxcleary-1; https://cynthiamlardner.wordpress.com; andhttp://cynthialardner.blogspot.com/2015/01/isis.html?m=1.

[viii] “Child Marriage and the Law”, Girls Not Brides, as found on the www athttp://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage-law.

[ix] Ma, Alexandra, Infra Endnote i (“Article 16 of the United Nations' 1979 Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which protects women's and girls' choice in marriage. Article 16 of CEDAW mandates that countries grant men and women equal rights to choose their spouse, enter into marriage and manage familial affairs.”).

[x] Ma, Alexandra, Infra Endnote i

[xi] Ma, Alexandra, Infra Endnote i

[xii] Raj, A and Boehmer, “U. Girl child marriage and its association with national rates of HIV, maternal health, and infant mortality across 97 countries”, Violence Against Women, 2013, 19: 536–555.

[xiii] Ma, Alexandra, Infra Endnote i

[xiv] Mormann, Nicole, Infra Endnote vi. See also Gebrekidan, Alemtsahye “Overcoming Adversity: An Ethiopian Child Bride’s Struggle For Education”, December 13, 2013, allAfrica.com, as found on the www athttp://allafrica.com/stories/201312131074.html (A blog account of what it was like to be married at age 10 and to be deprived of an education.).

[xv] Mormann, Nicole, Infra Endnote vi.

[xvi] United Nations Children's Fund, Ending Child Marriage: Progress and Prospects, UNICEF, UN Doc., New York, 2014, as found on the www atwww.unicef.org/media/files/Child_Marriage_Report_7_17_LR.pdf.

[xvii] CNN International: Child brides, robbed of their future, October, 12 2013, CNN News, as found on the www athttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/11/opinion/lemmon-girls-day/index.html?eref=edition.

[xviii] United Nations Children's Fund, Ending Child Marriage: Progress and Prospects, Infra Endnote xvi.

[xix] Girls Not Brides, http://www.girlsnotbrides.org/, is a global partnership of over 400 civil society organisations spanning 60 countries, is committed to ending child marriage.  Case studies are available upon request via media@GirlsNotBrides.org.  A series of first person stories related to child marriage can be found via the ‘Girl’s Voices’ section of its website.  Follow on Twitter at @GirlsNotBrides.

[xx] Perry, Tod, "Guatemala Votes to Raise Minimum Marriage Age to 18", November 17, 2015, as found on the www athttp://magazine.good.is/articles/guatemala-takes-steps-to-prevent-child-marriage (“According to UNICEF, 7 percent of girls in Guatemala are married by age 15, and 30 percent are married by the age of 18. Child marriage not only impedes girls’ personal and educational development, but married girls run a higher risk of being subjected to domestic violence, teenage pregnancy, and poverty. That’s why, earlier this month, Guatemala’s congress took a big step to curb the practice of child marriage. In a landslide victory, the legislators voted 87-15 to raise the minimum marriage age for both genders to 18. Previously, girls as young as 14 and boys as young as 16 could marry.”). 

See also Girls Not Brides (@GirlsNotBrides) “Progress in Latin America as Guatemala, Ecuador and Mexico change legislation to #endchildmarriage”, December 14, 2015, https://t.co/HtJMZhGGjG, Tweet, citing, “UN launches regional flagship programme to eradicate child marriage,” November 27, 2015, as found on the www at http://lac.unwomen.org/en/noticias-y-eventos/articulos/2015/11/matrimonio#sthash.yHY4yuA1.dpuf (“The United Nations in Mexico, Guatemala and Ecuador are advancing in diagnosing the problem and generating visibility. A first achievement of this initiative is highlighted in Guatemala where a recent decree established the same marriage age for boys and girls, eliminating the exceptions to the minimum marriage age of parental consent or guardian authorization and making judges listen to the minor. Unions with minors were also prohibited. In the case of Mexico, the General Law on the Rights of Children and Adolescents came into effect in December 2014, establishing the age of 18 as the minimum marriage age. To date, all but three Mexican states have harmonized their state laws. In Ecuador, in June 2015, a reform of the Civil Code was approved that established the age of 18 as the minimum marriage age, without legal exceptions.); and Ludden, Jennifer, National Public Radio (NPR): Can child marriages be stopped?, November 25, 2013, NPR News, as found on the www athttp://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/11/25/245973216/can-child-marriages-be-stopped  (Article highlights efforts by a Malawian women who established a nonprofit, Girls Empowerment Network, which is slowly challenging and eroding the complex mix of culture, economics and sexism that drives child marriage in Malawi.).

[xxi] McKenzie, David, Infra Endnote ii (“Slow rates of reduction and ballooning populations are the main cause of the projected increases.”).

[xxii]  “Because I Am a Girl”, Plan International, as found on the www athttps://plan-international.org/child-marriage?gclid=Cj0KEQiAwNmzBRCaw9uR3dGt950BEiQAnbK9619PfxJXt4dKCgwiFtuQnvjlGWcUHWUupSrjGTyHAJkaAjv68P8HAQ(“Child marriage is most common in South Asia and West and Central Africa, where 46% and 41% of girls become child brides respectively. Among girls growing up in Latin America and the Caribbean, 29% experience child marriage, compared with 18% in East Asia and the Pacific, 15% in the Arab States and 11% in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.”).

[xxiii] "100 Women 2015: Zambian former child bride speaks out", November 26, 2015, CNN News, as found on the www at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-34927041.

[xxiv] Take Action and #MyLifeAt15, Girls Not Brides, as found on the www athttp://www.girlsnotbrides.org/take-action/ andhttp://www.girlsnotbrides.org/MyLifeAt15/.

[xxv] “Get Involved, “Because I Am a Girl”, Plan International, as found on the www at https://plan-international.org/get-involved-0.

[xxvi] The Alexia Foundation, as found on the www athttp://www.alexiafoundation.org/ (“The Alexia Foundation promotes the power of photojournalism to give voice to social injustice, to respect history lest we forget it and to understand cultural difference as our strength – not our weakness.”).